Applications

Below are some typical applications of SEED demonstrating the versatility of the instrument.

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Multiplexing.  Multiple reaction can be mapped on a monolith electrode by scanning a laser beam. The output is a signal that quantitatively corresponds to the local oxidation and reduction reaction rate, thermodynamic redox potential, and the chemisorption process. 

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Electrochemical analytics.  The instrument electronics has the capability to measure both the local chemical reaction on the electrode by SEED and perform conventional electrochemical analysis, such as voltammetry on the whole electrode. 

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Microarray chip. In one high impact application of multiplexing, SEED quantitatively reads binding of multiple targets to a microarray at Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 10 attomolars and dynamic range of seven orders of magnitude.  

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Binding kinetics and mutation.  The high-speed optical measurement of SEED allows quantitative analysis of probe-target binding kinetics. The real-time measurement unequivocally discerns single-base mutations.

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Electrochemistry fundamentals.  SEED can perform fundamental measurements not straightforward by conventional methods. For example, SEED directly measures the local potential of zero charge on an electrode, and ion chemisorption of passive and/or redox active ions.